Monday, January 27, 2020
Development of Chinas Economics
Development of Chinas Economics CHINA 2014 Table of Contents 1. Is China a developing country? 2. Theories/ Models of Growth and Development Applied on China 2.1. Rostowââ¬â¢s Stages of Growth 2.2. The Harrod-Domar Model Growth Model 2.3. Lewisââ¬â¢s Theory of Development 2.4. Structural Change and Pattern of Development 2.5. International Dependence Revolution 2.6. Neoclassical Counterrevolution 2.7. Coordination Failure and the Big Push 3. Poverty in China 3.1. Headcount Index Gini Co-efficient 3.2. Poverty Gap 3.3. Poverty Trend Analysis 4. Bibliography 5. Word Count: 1. Is China a developing country? China is a big economy in absolute terms, with GNP second only to the United States. Despite its remarkable economic development over the past decades, China remains a developing nation. China is the worlds most populous country, with a population of 1.3 billion in 2011. Its not far behind India, which contains 1.2 billion people and is predicted to overtake China in the next two decades. China ranks below the 100th place in the world in terms of per capita GDP, which is 3700 US dollars and the country is classified among middle and low income level countries. China is behind the majority of the developed world in terms of per capita possession of natural resources, in some cases, even far below the worlds average. Its fresh water reserve is only 1/3 of the worldââ¬â¢s average, coal consumption 1/2 and natural gas 1/5. Moreover, a population of 150 million is caught in poverty and, is living on less than 1 US dollar a day. 83 million people are living with disabilities in the country. With the second largest number of poor in the world after India, poverty reduction remains a fundamental challenge. (WorldBank, 2014) Chinas trade mix is dominated by commodity trade that is resource and labor consuming, putting it at the lower end of the global industrial chain as the knowledge based trade in services only accounts for a small portion in foreign trade. There are shortfalls in scientific and technological innovation capacity that impede the countrys core competitiveness. Furthermore, the country faces challenges in the areas of investment in education which is low and in the areas of medical services and social security. Inequality remains high, rapid urbanization poses threat to environmental stability and there are external imbalances. China also faces demographic pressures related to an aging population and the internal migration of labor. (ChinaDaily, 2013) (Euractiv, 2012) 2. Theories/ Models of Growth and Development Applied on China 2.1. Rostowââ¬â¢s Stages of Growth Rostowââ¬â¢s theory states that each country needs to go through five imminent stages of development. Observing China in the context of the Rostowââ¬â¢s Model of Development, it is reasonable to claim it to be in the fourth stage, which is the drive to maturity. China remained in the third stage for several decades due to its inclination towards remaining a closed economy. As it opened its doors to the world in the 1990s, it saw itself elevating to stage four. China benefitted by a great increase in its GDP (as shown by the graph below) and foreign investment as their interaction with the world increased (Jacobs, 2014) Figure 1 Index of Chinaââ¬â¢s Real GDP Growth Figure 2 Cumulative FDI in China Economicreforms of 1978 caused Chinaââ¬â¢s economy to grow nine times. In 2002, China replaced US as the biggest receiver of foreign direct investment amounting up to $52.7 billion. It accounted for 25% of the global trade expansion. Apart from being a high exporter to US and Japan, China is a high consumer as well. China also became the worldââ¬â¢s second largest importer of oil, right after the US. Its consumption of raw materials such as steel and copper became greater than that of the US. In 2003, it consumed 55% of the worldââ¬â¢s cement. As China secured its membership of the World Trade Organization, it became a dominant player in the economy (Marcos Chamon, 2011). 2.2. The Harrod-Domar Model Growth Model Harrod-Domar model extrapolates that development is a phenomenon driven by savings and investments. China, in light of the model, faced some ups and downs in terms of savings and investment. The biggest dip in the investment came 1960 to 1962 as the government initiated the ââ¬ËGreat Leap Forwardââ¬â¢ campaign leading to immense nationalization and hence a major fall in investments. Post Economic Reforms in 1978, China saw a stable but increasing rate of investment in China, with the usual cyclical fluctuations. Simultaneously, China has seen a rise in savings from 35% in 1990 to approximately 50% by 2012. Interestingly, mainly the younger population and the elder population have shown a saving trend. This is due to decreasing public provision of facilities such as education and health prompted the younger generation to save for future education costs and the older generation to save for future health costs. (Marcos Chamon, 2011), (Labaria, 2012) 2.3. Lewisââ¬â¢s Theory of Development The essence of this model is to allocate resources more efficiently in the developing world where there is an overflow of labor in the traditional agriculture sector that needs to be dissolved into the industrial sector workforce (Anon., 2008) Chinaââ¬â¢s agricultural percentage to GDP is around 12% and catering to almost 43% of the agricultural employment share, showing that Chinaââ¬â¢s labor force is still not fully transferred to the industrial sector. However, China is still growing fast. According to Spence, high Savings and investment where public spending was on education, infrastructure, international trade, technological up gradation and productive employment were all factors that led Chinaââ¬â¢s phenomenal growth. Although there was agro to industrial migration, people were more towards private sector than state owned enterprises. For example, between 1995 and 2005, the ownership of enterprises fell by 38% whereas private, foreign and individual grew in total by 35 %. The reason for this could be that the capital to output ratio for private was much greater than the state owned ones i.e. 6.7 vs. 3.3. Along with investment, China focused on improving its exports from 2004 onwards. China used the investment for technology that proved beneficial from 2000 where the number of patent applications were 100000 that shot up to 275000 by 2004. As a result, China was the one with the most patent applications from the BRIC nations. Figure 3 In compliance with the Lewis model the economy was able to absorb the extra agricultural labor with a rise in the marginal productivity of labor which is still lower than the wage for the average productivity of labor. (MARCO G. ERCOLANI, 2010) In 2010 China had not reached the third stage as such as there was still a gap in labor productivities between both the sectors. 2.4. Structural Change and Pattern of Development Cheneryââ¬â¢s structural change model assesses the characteristic features of development process derived from the different levels of per capita income of countries. For China, the shift from the agricultural to industrial production is seen in the city called Shenzhen which was once farming and fishing village in 1980ââ¬â¢s and grew into the richest city in 30 years, as a result of foreign investment and manufacturing. (Shenzhen Facts, 2013) This example only can also explain that there was steady accumulation of both physical and human capital. The rapid growth in Shenzhen was possible due to the capital, labor, technology and information. (Shen, 2008) . These changes were accompanied by shift in consumption patterns to more appropriate ones of demand for manufactured goods and services. Although one can say that China has tried to achieve the decline in family size to cater to its overall population, the disparity between different regions is still prevalent. Hence it canno t be inferred if the child quality is preferred over the child quantity in China. 2.5. International Dependence Revolution The trend of aid received by China has experienced various fluctuations. Up until late 1970s, China was a net donor, but when the Chinese economy started its openness policy, it became a net receiver of aid to finance the industrialization, mainly from Japan. However, this aid rather than being pure loans or grants was more in the form of economic co-operations agreements which gave both China and Japan a ââ¬Ëwin winââ¬â¢ situation rather than China getting exploited by Japan. Post mid 90s however (after the success of industrialization was manifesting), the aid received by China started to drop drastically; and due to the introduction of the ââ¬ËGrand Planââ¬â¢ of 1994,China started to realize the potential of securing resources and export markets abroad and started investing heavily in Africa, the trend of which continues to today . Hence instead of China being exploited by the cores, it is now in a position to exploit Africa. The neocolonial dependence model cannot be applied to China. (Shimomura Ohashi, 2013) The Dualistic Development Thesis however applies extremely well to China, as evidenced by the disparity in public and private spending on education and health (public spending is almost constant whereas private is increasing (WorldBank, 2014)) or by the vast income disparity amongst Chinaââ¬â¢s urban and regional areas. Reasons for this co existence phenomenon are discussed under Poverty in China. 2.6. Neoclassical Counterrevolution Neoliberals suggest that by allowing competitive free markets to function, economic growth will begin because world markets are efficient. In 1979, China was a stiff command economy prey, to majorinefficiencies making it poorerthan India. The government focused on heavy industries, ignoring agriculture and the private sectors. Their leader Chen, recognizing the importance of market and socialism endedââ¬Å"The Leap Outwardâ⬠, allowing the firms tobenefit with the government from the market functioning, showing that Market Friendly approach is needed. Public-choicetheory discusses that by the self centered intervention of government, not only does misallocation of resources occur, but people are left with lesser choices and freedom. China has now shifted to a mixed economy with reforms which shall allow China to reach 60% of Americaââ¬â¢s per capita GDP. (TheMoneyIllusion, 2010) In the last 30 years, the Chinese economy has seen a shift to a hybrid economy after China joined the World Trade Organization in 2001. Theprivatization of 90% of the urban residential schemes and real estate can be marked as an economic success because it led to a growth in per capita income 8.1% from 1978 to 2004. Neoclassical free-market argument emphasizes onliberalizationof national markets, which draws additional domestic and foreign investment, increasing the rate of capital accumulation. China has acceptedliberation by allowing free trade, to the extent that China, a part of the BRIC nation now has the power to shake the strength of the US Dollar; however the role and hold of government is still strong on the economy and the people. An example of this is the enforcement of one child policy. Although the government has now relaxed these rules, to extending to a two child policy, this was needed to control the geometric progression of the population versus the arithmetic progress of resources which would have led to increased poverty. (Coase Wang, 2013) 2.7. Coordination Failure and the Big Push According to Todaro coordination failure occurs because of the inability of economic agents to coordinate their behavior resulting in an equilibrium in which everyone ends up being worse off and occurs because of pecuniary externalities, asymmetric information, and high wages of workers which warrant government intervention which Todaro named the Big Push. (Todaro Smith, 2012) In October 1949 the Peopleââ¬â¢s Republic of China was established by the Communist Party. The party aimed to nationalize the agricultural sector and use it to finance the growth in industrialization to coordinate the activities of the economic agents in the industrial sector. As a result of this the Industrial sector thrived and grew. (Young, 2014) In 1958 the Great leap forward was announced. Under this communes of farms were formed and private farming was abolished. The purpose of this was to increase output via greater cooperation and greater physical effort. However this failed resulting in drop in agricultural production, three years of famine and millions of deaths. The government responded by initiating policies contradictory to that of Big Push model, i.e. the government allowed for private farming and slashed investment in industrial sector which led to improvements in the industry. (Young, 2014) Lastly the Great ProletarianCultural Revolution of 1966 resulted in a negative impact on industry production resulting in a decade of confusion and strife. (Young, 2014) So it can be inferred that the Big Push model advocating government intervention has resulted in more costs than benefits for the Chinese. 3. Poverty in China 3.1. Headcount Index Gini Co-efficient YEAR Headcount ratio (% of population, at $1.25 a day) Millions of poor (people less than $1.25 a day) Population (in billions) (gapminder) 1990 60.18 683.2 1.15 1991 1.16 1992 63.80 743.3 1.175 1993 53.69 632.7 1.188 1994 59.78 712.5 1.201 1995 54.05 651.2 1.213 1996 36.37 442.8 1.226 1997 47.84 588.5 1.237 1998 47.97 595.8 1.259 1999 35.63 446.3 1.260 2000 1.269 2001 1.277 2002 28.36 363.1 1.285 2003 1.293 2004 1.300 2005 16.25 211.9 1.307 2006 1.314 2007 1.321 2008 13.06 173 1.328 2009 11.80 157.1 1.334 Figure 4 WorldBank, 2014 The trend shows that the headcount ratio was decreasing rather at a slow rate from 1990 till 1999, however the headcount reduced by almost 50%. By 2005 the headcount further reduced by 50% and then gradually till 2009 the headcount came to about 11.8%. It should be keep in mind that the population of China had been increasing around 0.01 billion each year and still the headcount was reduced. From the highest 743.3 million poor in 1992 to almost 157.1 million poor in 2009 is an achievement. (WorldBank, 2014) According to Yu Xie, a sociologist from Michigan University, China suffers from one of the highest levels of income inequality in the world. Inequality prevails even in comparison to other countries that have similar standards of living. The Gini Coefficient has shown an increasing trend reaching 0.472 in 2012. (Gapminder, 2014) 3.2. Poverty Gap The World Bank index presents that Poverty Gap in 2009 was 2.8, but data for the latter years was not available. Beijing and Shanghai have reached high developmental levels equivalent to Cyprus and Portugal because of the governmentââ¬â¢s efforts via provision of healthcare, education and welfare, but provinces such as south-western Huizhou are comparable to Namibia or Botswana. The city life is becoming increasingly expensive and the middle class is being squeezed. 3.3. Poverty Trend Analysis Extreme poverty defined by percentage of people living below $1.25 per day fell till 1987 in China after which it increased sharply to 64% in 1992. After which it declined in 1993, increased again in 1994 and then declined continuously to 13% in 2008. However there were stalls in poverty reduction during the late 1920s and late 1990s. So the significant increase in poverty in China during the late 1980s was because of the Communist Partyââ¬â¢s policy to nationalize the agricultural sector part of their Great leap forward strategy which backfired leading to a significant increase in poverty in the rural areas of China. (Ravallion Chen, 2007) The number of people below the poverty line started to decrease after the peak in 1992 because of: migration from rural to urban growth in primary sector due to the about face policy after the Great Leap Forward economy wide policies including agrarian reforms controlling of inflation increase in government spending as part of the effort to achieve the MDG on poverty and hunger The rate of decline in poverty varied from industry to industry and among provinces because the rate of growth in these was not the same. (Ravallion Chen, 2007) As shown by the figure below, economic activity is prevalent at the coastal regions and declines as we move towards the interior of the country. Figure 5 GDP/Capita by province 2002 (US$) As the economy opened its doors to the world, it saw an inflow of investment in this coastal region. However, the benefit has not been transferred to the inner regions, the urban residents located at the east earn thrice as much as the rural residents (Roberts, 2014), (GeoCases, 2002) Figure 6 (GeoCases, 2002) 4. Bibliography Anon., 2008. Introduction to Economics of Development. [Online] Available at: http://www.pauldeng.com/teaching/development/lectnotes_8_econ175a.pdf [Accessed 2014]. Bertaud, A., 2010. GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION AND URBAN LAND MARKETS: THE CASE OF CHINA. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 29(4), pp. 335-346. ChinaDaily, 2013. China Daily. [Online] Available at: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2013-01/10/content_16100813.htm [Accessed 2014]. Coase, R. Wang, N., 2013. How China Became Capitalist. [Online] Available at: http://www.cato.org/policy-report/januaryfebruary-2013/how-china-became-capitalist [Accessed 2014]. Euractiv, 2012. Euractiv. [Online] Available at: http://www.euractiv.com/global-europe/china-developing-country-analysis-498377 [Accessed 2014]. GeoCases, 2002. China: A Third Generation Newly Industrialised Country. [Online] Available at: http://www.geocases2.co.uk/printable/China a third generation NIC.htm [Accessed 2014]. Jacobs, J., 2014. Rostows Stages of Growth Deveopment Model. [Online] Available at: http://geography.about.com/od/economic-geography/a/Rostow-S-Stages-Of-Growth-Development-Model.htm [Accessed 2014]. Labaria, E., 2012. China and Development. [Online] Available at: http://elirozz_labaria.tigblog.org/post/7228633?setlangcookie=true [Accessed 2014]. MARCO G. ERCOLANI, Z. W., 2010. AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LEWIS-RANIS-FEI THEORY OF DUALISTIC ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOR CHINA. Changsha, Chinese Economist Society. Marcos Chamon, K. L. E. P., 2011. The Puzzle of Chinas Rising Household Saving Rate. [Online] Available at: http://www.voxeu.org/article/puzzle-china-s-rising-household-saving-rate Ravallion, M. Chen, S., 2007. Poverty, Chinaââ¬â¢s (uneven) Progress against. Journal of Development Economics, pp. 1-42. Roberts, D., 2014. Chinas Income-Inequality Gap Widens Beyond US Levels. [Online] Available at: http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-04-30/chinas-income-inequality-gap-widens-beyond-u-dot-s-dot-levels Shen, J., 2008. Urban Growth and Sustainable Development in Shenzhen City 1980-2006. Open Environmental Sciences, Volume 2, pp. 71-79. Shenzhen Facts, 2013. Shenzhen Facts. [Online] Available at: http://www.chinahighlights.com/shenzhen/shenzhen-facts.htm Shimomura, Y. Ohashi, H., 2013. A Study of Chinas Foreign Aid: An Asian Perspective. 1st ed. Tokyo: Palgrave Macmillan. TheMoneyIllusion, 2010. The money illusion. [Online] Available at: http://www.themoneyillusion.com/?p=5363 [Accessed 2014]. Todaro, M. P. Smith, S. C., 2012. Economic Development. s.l.:Addison-Wesley. WorldBank, 2014. Poverty Data by World Bank. [Online] Available at: http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/CHN [Accessed 2014]. WorldBank, 2014. WorldBank.org. [Online] Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/china/overview [Accessed 2014]. Young, E. P., 2014. China. [Online] Available at: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China/71007/Economic-policies [Accessed 24 9 2014]. 5. Word Count: 2571 excluding cover page, ToC, Bibliography and In-text Headings Development Economics ReportPage 1
Sunday, January 19, 2020
Lactase Enzyme Essay
This lab will examine the specificity of an enzyme (lactase) to a specific substrate (lactose). Students will observe the actions of the enzyme and how shape is important to enzyme reactions. Background information: Lactose, the sugar found in milk, is a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose (both six-sided sugars). Sucrose, ordinary table sugar, is also a disaccharide composed of fructose and glucose. Glucose is a six-sided sugar and fructose is a five-sided sugar. Lactase is an enzyme that breaks lactose down into galactose and glucose. Lactase can be purchased in pill form by people who are lactose intolerant. These people lack the enzyme, lactase, and cannot break down the sugar lactose into its component parts. Although lactose is similar to sucrose, lactase will break down only lactose because of the shape of the sugar. In this lab, you will see lactase break lactose down into galactose and glucose. You will also observe what happens if the shape of lactase is changed due to heating. Materials/ resources: * Lactase tablets: these can be bought in any drug store or grocery store. Fifteen milliliters of milk: any milk will work. Water: used for dissolving the lactase tablet, dissolving the sucrose and boiling the lactase. * Sucrose: five grams per group. * One hundred milliliter graduated cylinder/ten milliliter graduated cylinder: measuring water and enzyme amounts. * Three four hundred milliliter beakers: used for dissolving the lactase tablet, dissolving the sucrose and boiling the lactase. * Five test tubes: these tubes hold the different solution mixtures. * Test tube rack: hold the test tubes. * Marking pencil: mark the test tubes so that confusion does not occur. * Clock * Hot plate with a Pyrex test tube for denaturing the enzyme. Glucose test strips: these strips can be found in any drugstore. Stirring rod: helps to mix up the lactase tablet in the water. Lab procedures: 1. Gather the materials. 2. Label the test tubes with the following labels: 0 A. Test tube with skim milk and enzyme solution. B. Test tube with skim milk and water. C. Test tube with skim milk and denatured enzyme solution. D. Test tube with sucrose solution and enzyme solution. E. Test tube with sucrose solution and water. 3. In test tube A add two milliliters of skim milk and one milliliter of enzyme solution. 4. Time for two minutes and test for glucose with the glucose test tape. Record this data in table 1. If there was glucose present mark a ââ¬Ë+ââ¬â¢ in the table. If glucose was absent, mark a ââ¬Ë-ââ¬â¢ in the table. 5. In test tube B add two milliliters of skim milk and one milliliter of water. 6. Repeat step 4. 7. In test tube C add two milliliters of skim milk and one milliliter of denatured enzyme solution. 8. Repeat step 4. 9. In test tube D add two milliliters of the sucrose solution and one milliliter of enzyme solution. 10. Repeat step 4. 11. In test tube E add two milliliters of the sucrose solution and one milliliter of water. 12. Repeat steps 4. Results: Glucose Presence in the Following Solutions| Type of Solution| Positive or Negative Glucose Result| Test tube A: milk and enzyme solution| à | Test tube B: milk and water| à | Test tube C: milk and denatured enzyme solution| à | Test Tube D: sucrose solution and enzyme solution| à | Test Tube E: sucrose solution and water| à | | Conclusion and Questions: 1. Diagram and describe the lactose and lactase reaction (may need to research this). 2. Why did the enzyme react to lactose but not to sucrose? 3. What happened when the enzyme was boiled? 4. Another way to affect the enzyme is by lowering the pH of the solution. However, lactase is supposed to be able to work in the stomach. Would lowering the pH of the enzyme solution affect the enzyme? Why or why not? 5. What type of reaction is this? Dehydration or hydrolysis? Content to be covered in conclusion paragraphs: It should explain the general conclusions of the lab. May refer back to background information to help explain the conclusion of the lab. Should refer back to the GENERAL data in the results. Restate the purpose and state whether the hypothesis was correct or not and why. Clearly state and explains how at least THREE errors may have occurred in the lab. Also explains common pitfalls a person SHOULD avoid.
Saturday, January 11, 2020
Underneath Pristine Clothes: Abraham Lincoln
A little farm is a place of impoverished state. It is a place where there is no much life; having none of the intricacies and grandeur of the city. But for a man with strong hopes and gallant dreams as Abraham Lincoln, it is a place where ambitions are born and where dreams start to be reality.Lincoln grew up from an undistinguished family, or so he illustrates, but he rose into the highest of seats and was elected as the president of the United States of America for two terms. He was a most esteemed president of all timesââ¬âa man of honour, justice, and equality who pledged to use impartial agreements rather than force. But underneath those pristine clothes and perfectly amiable character, who really is Abraham Lincoln?Born to a simple family in a farm at the Hardin County, Kentucky, in February 12, 1809, young Lincoln grew up to days of hard work. There is no school at their area and thereââ¬â¢s nowhere to learn about life, religion, and the world. What there are are only c hores to finish and jobs to seek and get over with.Yet, with his determined aspiration and passion for learning, he got through studying and acquired a license to practice law by the year 1836. He was a persistent and hardworking man, so to say; spending years of practice at the Illinois legislature that even his law partner said of him, ââ¬Å"His ambition was a little engine that knew no rest.â⬠In the year1842, his days of solitude were broken for he met Mary Todd, a woman whom he had decided to tie the knot with. They lived a happy life from then on and were gifted with four boys. It is sad to note though that only one of them lived to grow into maturity.After years as a lawyer he tried to compete in politics and run against Stephen Douglas for Senate in 1858. After their heated and diplomatic debate about the Kansas-Nebraska Act, Douglas won the election. But people who saw, heard, and witnessed their argument grew to love and favor Lincoln. Their debate had given him a nat ional reputation which in turn won him a Republican nomination for president after two succeeding years.When he won the presidency, Lincoln focused to bring about equality and goodwill among his people. He was a gentle voice that hushes the mass during the cold turmoil of the Civil War.The Emancipation Proclamation which he issued in 1863 greatly affected the war, ending at last the stateââ¬â¢s fights, scores of deaths, and concluding a blood lusting combat. The results of the war he took carefully into consideration, making certain that the vast damage a war could bring would not be forgotten by the people and that the deaths of those who were involved in the confrontations would not be put to waste.Throughout his term, he stood as an example to every one; a man of simplicity and generosity who is willing to lay back his defenses if it would mean peace and unity for the nation. His regal personality was more than valued by the public, proven by his re-election in 1864.However, h e was cut short of his service a year after, when he was crudely assassinatedââ¬âshot in the head by an actor named John Wilkes Boothââ¬â ending abruptly his patriotic goals and ambitions.It had been a sorrowful moment for all of America; having lost a man as placid and liberal as Abraham Lincoln. But his efforts were not wasted for he left his people the idea that would unite them: ââ¬Å"With malice toward none; with charity for all; with firmness in the right, as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in; to bind up the nation's woundsâ⬠¦.ââ¬
Friday, January 3, 2020
The Importance Of An Apology For A Deficient Audit
Part 1 , 200-400 words, worth 4% Discuss how both articles review the literature and compare the literature review a; Apology Accepted: The Benefits of an Apology for a Deficient Audit Following an Audit V Failure b; Students Behaviors and Views of Paraphrasing and Inappropriate Textual Borrowing in an EFL Academic Setting Review of literature: The information on the subject is not lacking but the inferences of various investigations are not consistent and differ greatly according to the material used and place of testing. However the results of studies having some relevance to the subject are reviewed here briefly. paper a: (Apology Accepted: The Benefits of an Apology for a Deficient Audit Following an Audit V Failure) examine the use of an regret for conducting a under provided audit that indirectly leads to an audit failure. Audit failures can be expensive to accounting firms in conditions of litigation costs and reputational harm. These costs are potentially much superior then the audit failure stems from a scarce audit. (AdvisoryCommittee on the Auditing Profession 2008; Rappeport 2008; Taub 2007; Palmrosà © 1997) have reported that Litigation costs are a cause of disquiet for accounting firms, with some firms and firm stakeholders fearing that legal action could raze the accounting. ( Comell, Wame, and Eining 2009; Kadous 2000, 2001) have identified and make attentive of this distress about problems and solutions for accounting firms forced to protect theirShow MoreRelatedAccounting Information System Chapter 1137115 Words à |à 549 Pagessolution. a. What is an accounts receivable aging report? An accounts receivable aging report lists customer account balances by length of time outstanding. b. Why is an accounts receivable aging report needed for an audit? An accounts receivable aging report is needed during an audit to determine whether the companyââ¬â¢s accounts receivable balance is properly valued. c. What is an accounts receivable aging report used for in normal company operations? An accounts receivable aging report is usedRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words à |à 604 PagesAlso, with 36% of all children under age 18 being non-white, the demographic shifts to greater racial/ethnic diversity are likely to continue. In addition, immigration of individuals into the United States is heavily weighted toward non-whites. The importance of all these shifts is that HR professionals must ensure that diverse groups are managed and treated equitably in organizations. Also, HR professionals will have to develop diversity-oriented training so that all employees, regardless of backgroundRead MoreTop 1 Cause for Project Failure65023 Words à |à 261 PagesZencovich Senior Project Manager at ZTE Canada You will get practical amount of support from the sponsor, rather in the real world you will never get 100% (perhaps from 50% to 70% support). However nothing excuse you from creating a deficient project scope statement or accepting unrealistic stakeholder expectations; if it is the case then you should say NO to the project. 15. [pic] James Soltis, PMP IT Consultant, Information Management Division at Gwinnett CountyRead MoreHemp Cultivation in China42289 Words à |à 170 Pagesact 92 Canada report 96 Austria report 98 German textiles 101 Book reviews 103 NAIHF 104 Debate Corner 106 Journal of the International Hemp Association, Volume 2, Number 2, 1995 58 DEAR MEMBERSHIP First, we owe our readers and authors an apology for all of the typographic errors and other mistakes apparent in our last issue. Because of editorial staff changes and scheduling pressures, proof-reading of that issue after its preliminary page set-up was sorely inadequate. We hope you will agreeRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words à |à 1573 PagesChange and Stress Management 577 Appendix A Research in Organizational Behavior Comprehensive Cases Indexes Glindex 637 663 616 623 Contents Preface xxii 1 1 Introduction What Is Organizational Behavior? 3 The Importance of Interpersonal Skills 4 What Managers Do 5 Management Functions 6 â⬠¢ Management Roles 6 â⬠¢ Management Skills 8 â⬠¢ Effective versus Successful Managerial Activities 8 â⬠¢ A Review of the Managerââ¬â¢s Job 9 Enter Organizational Behavior 10 ComplementingRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words à |à 702 Pagesprevious year. Forbes magazine noted that adding jobs and capital expenditures characterize expanding firms and cited Google and seven others that fit that criteria. Still, growth was slowing in the industry for online ads.12 WHAT WE CAN LEARN Importance of Innovative Thinking in an Organization Innovative thinkingââ¬âthe search for new approaches and opportunitiesââ¬âis desirable in any industry and any firm, even a mature one. For a firm on the threshhold of a new technology, such as Google was and
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